{"id":10175,"date":"2025-12-12T17:20:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T16:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/emagazin.plus\/?p=10175"},"modified":"2026-01-06T17:09:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T16:09:47","slug":"interview-rafaela-kraus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emagazin.plus\/cz\/interview-rafaela-kraus\/","title":{"rendered":"Obrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl: Automotive m\u016f\u017ee pomoci k\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kapacit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Rozhovor s Rafaelou Kraus, profesorkou na Univerzit\u011b Bundeswehru v Mnichov\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bmeck\u00fd automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl \u2013 st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed tamn\u00ed ekonomiky \u2013 je pod obrovsk\u00fdm tlakem. Sou\u010dasn\u011b v Evrop\u011b roste tlak na pos\u00edlen\u00ed obranyschopnost. Rafaela Kraus, profesorka Univerzity Bundeswehru v Mnichov\u011b, se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee pokud pou\u017eijeme spr\u00e1vnou strategii, je mo\u017en\u00e9 v oblasti \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0robotice, ob\u011b v\u00fdzvy propojit. A obrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl se m\u016f\u017ee v masov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b a p\u0159i roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed kapacit u automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu mnoh\u00e9mu nau\u010dit. I o tom hovo\u0159ila Rafaela Kraus na konferenci German Czech Economic Forum 2025 v Praze.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pan\u00ed profesorko, n\u011bmeck\u00fd \u2013 a vlastn\u011b i evropsk\u00fd \u2013 pr\u016fmysl stoj\u00ed na rozcest\u00ed. Jak dramatick\u00e1 je situace N\u011bmecka, b\u00fdval\u00e9ho mistra sv\u011bta v exportu? Pokuste se o co nejup\u0159\u00edmn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed diagn\u00f3zu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b jde o to, \u010demu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201edilema inov\u00e1tora\u201c. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho jsme spol\u00e9hali na to, \u017ee na\u0161e auta jsou \u017e\u00e1dan\u00e1 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, \u017ee m\u00e1me velk\u00e9 trhy v z\u00e1mo\u0159\u00ed, v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, v USA. A nyn\u00ed najednou zji\u0161\u0165ujeme, \u017ee jsme extr\u00e9mn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00ed. Jsme z\u00e1visl\u00ed na surovin\u00e1ch. To se t\u00fdk\u00e1 cel\u00e9 \u0159ady odv\u011btv\u00ed: letectv\u00ed, obrann\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu i mnoha high-tech segment\u016f. A jsme z\u00e1visl\u00ed tak\u00e9 v oblasti v\u00fdroby komponent, kter\u00e9 z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed z N\u011bmecka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podcenili jsme inova\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti na\u0161ich geopolitick\u00fdch partner\u016f i konkurent\u016f. Koncept zm\u011bny prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obchodu \u2013 pokud jde o \u010c\u00ednu \u2013 jsme vid\u011bli velmi naivn\u011b. A nyn\u00ed za to mus\u00edme platit.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u201ePodcenili jsme inova\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti na\u0161ich geopolitick\u00fdch partner\u016f i konkurent\u016f.<\/em>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u010cesko s obavami sleduje, co se bude d\u00edt u velk\u00e9 souseda N\u011bmecka. Vy ale projevujete ur\u010dit\u00fd optimismus. Kde ho berete?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sna\u017e\u00edm se optimismus neztr\u00e1cet. A mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je na m\u00edst\u011b. M\u00e1me vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed inova\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, skv\u011bl\u00e9 univerzity pln\u00e9 talentovan\u00fdch inov\u00e1tor\u016f, v\u00fdborn\u00e9 startupy \u2013 nejen v oblasti mobility \u010di automotive, ale i v obran\u00e9m sektoru. A vid\u00edme, \u017ee v Evrop\u011b se opravdu n\u011bco d\u011bje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch technologi\u00edch budoucnosti, jako je kvantov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed nebo vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, se jako Evropa rozhodn\u011b nemus\u00edme ob\u00e1vat srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi \u2013 pokud dok\u00e1\u017eeme tyto inovace rozvinout do pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka a vytvo\u0159it z nich firmy, kter\u00e9 na\u0161i ekonomiku obnov\u00ed. A tuto obnovu opravdu pot\u0159ebujeme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201eNa\u0161e kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 trhy jsou ve velk\u00e9 nev\u00fdhod\u011b oproti USA.<\/em>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ale tohle inova\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed tady bylo i p\u0159ed kriz\u00ed. Pro\u010d by tedy pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f m\u011blo p\u0159in\u00e9st vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed konkurenceschopnost? Nebo se zept\u00e1m jinak. Co dal\u0161\u00edho je je\u0161t\u011b pot\u0159eba ud\u011blat?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naprosto kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd je kapit\u00e1l. Na\u0161e kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 trhy jsou ve velk\u00e9 nev\u00fdhod\u011b oproti USA. \u010casto sly\u0161\u00edme: Kdy\u017e investujete do mlad\u00fdch firem v N\u011bmecku, stoj\u00ed to p\u011btkr\u00e1t v\u00edc a maj\u00ed p\u011btkr\u00e1t men\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdnos. Jsme m\u00e1lo atraktivn\u00ed, a to i kv\u016fli tomu, jak u n\u00e1s v N\u011bmecku vn\u00edm\u00e1me t\u00e9ma \u201eventure\u201c. V angli\u010dtin\u011b je \u201eventure\u201c n\u011bco pozitivn\u00edho \u2013 dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed, podnik\u00e1n\u00ed, skv\u011bl\u00e1 v\u011bc, do kter\u00e9 se vyplat\u00ed j\u00edt. U n\u00e1s je to \u201erizikov\u00fd kapit\u00e1l\u201c. A slovo \u201eriziko\u201c okam\u017eit\u011b spou\u0161t\u00ed varovn\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1me skv\u011bl\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky v oblasti AI, bateriov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed nebo dal\u0161\u00edch hardwarov\u00fdch inovac\u00ed. Ale jsou to kapit\u00e1lov\u011b velmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ve vesm\u00edrn\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu nelze s 10 miliony eur rozvinout kosmick\u00fd startup do r\u016fstov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka \u2013 s takovou \u010d\u00e1stkou by jen \u017eivo\u0159il. A proto pot\u0159ebujeme odvahu do t\u00e9to oblasti v\u00edce investovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201eObrann\u00fd sektor pot\u0159ebuje impulzy a inova\u010dn\u00ed schopnost zven\u010d\u00ed.<\/em>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Poj\u010fme te\u010f k tzv. technologi\u00edm dual-use. Ty mohou hr\u00e1t jistou roli p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed inova\u010dn\u00edch synergi\u00ed mezi sektory, zejm\u00e9na mezi automobilov\u00fdm a obrann\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem. M\u016f\u017eete uv\u00e9st n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jsme st\u00e1le p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 fixovan\u00ed na auto jako na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd produkt n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu. Ale pod\u00edvejme se, jak\u00e9 technologie jsou dnes pro automotive skute\u010dn\u011b relevantn\u00ed: internet v\u011bc\u00ed, vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 technologie pro konektivitu, senzory, autonomn\u00ed syst\u00e9my nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eby p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e9 k autu. To v\u0161e nejsou jen \u201edual-use\u201c, ale \u010dasto \u201eomni-use\u201c technologie a platformy vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 v t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9m odv\u011btv\u00ed \u2013 v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, medic\u00edn\u011b, logistice \u010di infrastruktu\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S t\u011bmito technologick\u00fdmi kompetencemi, s na\u0161imi firmami, mal\u00fdmi a st\u0159edn\u00edmi firmami m\u00e1me velkou \u0161anci usp\u011bt v oblasti v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00fdch robot\u016f. To je skute\u010dn\u00fd dual-use produkt: pro civiln\u00ed i obrann\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. A zde m\u00e1me rozhodn\u011b dobr\u00e9 vyhl\u00eddky.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Kritici tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee dual-use je sp\u00ed\u0161 \u201ehype\u201c ne\u017e cesta ke konkurenceschopnosti. A \u017ee mindset civiln\u00ed automobilky a obrann\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu je natolik odli\u0161n\u00fd, \u017ee je nelze propojit. Co na to \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od konce studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky obrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl dlouho v podstat\u011b stagnoval. Rozpo\u010dty klesaly, m\u011bli jsme pocit, \u017ee jsme obklopeni jenom sam\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00e1teli, a se zbrojen\u00edm jsme necht\u011bli m\u00edt nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Proto zde byla men\u0161\u00ed dynamika ne\u017e v jin\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch.
Nyn\u00ed se v N\u011bmecku i v Evrop\u011b masivn\u011b investuje do obrany. To pochopiteln\u011b probouz\u00ed z\u00e1jem u v\u0161ech pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou zrovna v krizi. A je tak\u00e9 pravda, \u017ee d\u0159\u00edve uzav\u0159en\u00fd obrann\u00fd sektor pot\u0159ebuje impulzy zven\u010d\u00ed \u2013 a inova\u010dn\u00ed schopnost jin\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed. Mus\u00edme vytvo\u0159it v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prostupnost. Onboarding nov\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f je v obrann\u00e9m sektoru dnes velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd.
Dost\u00e1v\u00e1m mnoho dotaz\u016f od firem, kter\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed vstoupit do obrann\u00e9ho sektoru, a od startup\u016f, kter\u00e9 mu cht\u011bj\u00ed l\u00e9pe porozum\u011bt. A pro v\u0161echny je to nesm\u00edrn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. Chyb\u00ed informace, chyb\u00ed transparentnost \u2013 i kdy\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b obchodn\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 komory se nyn\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed pr\u016fchodnost v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201eChyb\u00ed informace, transparentnost je nedosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/em>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kde konkr\u00e9tn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee firma z automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu nab\u00eddnout kompetence, kter\u00e9 obrann\u00e9mu sektoru chyb\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednou z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je v\u00fdroba a v\u00fdrobn\u00ed technologie. Firmy z\u00a0obrann\u00e9ho sektoru v\u011bt\u0161inou vyr\u00e1b\u011bly malos\u00e9riov\u011b, \u010dasto t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v manufakturn\u00edm re\u017eimu. A pr\u00e1v\u011b zde mohou v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kompetence automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v\u00fdrazn\u011b pomoci p\u0159i roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed kapacit. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee obrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl dnes hled\u00e1 firmy, kter\u00e9 mu pomohou odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zku: Jak m\u016f\u017eeme vyr\u00e1b\u011bt stokr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e d\u0159\u00edve. Vid\u00edme to na Ukrajin\u011b \u2013 najednou jsou pot\u0159eba syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt velmi levn\u00e9 a kde kvalitu p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Drony\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esn\u011b tak. Jedn\u00e1 se o loitering munition, tedy v podstat\u011b \u201ejednor\u00e1zov\u00e9\u201c drony, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017eij\u00ed jednou, a t\u00edm spln\u00ed sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010del. A je jich pot\u0159eba obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 bych varovala p\u0159ed t\u00edm, aby se firmy p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u2013 nebo dokonce v\u00fdhradn\u011b \u2013 orientovaly na obrann\u00fd segment. Ten nem\u016f\u017ee v na\u0161\u00ed ekonomice nahradit sektor automotive, je mnohem men\u0161\u00ed. Mus\u00edme tedy p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let, jak\u00e9 civiln\u00ed produkty budeme v budoucnu vyr\u00e1b\u011bt, pokud auto u\u017e nebude na\u0161\u00edm hlavn\u00edm pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm tahounem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201eMnoh\u00e9 startupy proto dnes jdou na Ukrajinu a tam testuj\u00ed.<\/em>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Co by m\u011bl \u201eciviln\u00ed\u201c dodavatel podle v\u00e1s ud\u011blat a na co by se m\u011bl p\u0159ipravit p\u0159i roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pova\u017euji propojov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 navazovat kontakty i s velk\u00fdmi prime dodavateli, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed jako syst\u00e9mov\u00ed integr\u00e1to\u0159i a za\u010dle\u0148uj\u00ed do sv\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed produkty subdodavatel\u016f. Vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed je rozhodn\u011b alfou a omegou. Velc\u00ed v\u00fdrobci funguj\u00ed jako jak\u00fdsi gatekeepe\u0159i pro nov\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010de. Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 integrovat dron do Bundeswehru samostatn\u011b. V\u017edy je to sou\u010d\u00e1st \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 dob\u0159e zn\u00e1t u\u017eivatele, z\u00e1kazn\u00edka. Mnoz\u00ed nebyli v arm\u00e1d\u011b, znaj\u00ed Bundeswehr jen z\u00a0vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed a z m\u00e9di\u00ed. Ale firma mus\u00ed ch\u00e1pat, k\u00a0\u010demu se v\u00fdrobky skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Vid\u00edme to u startup\u016f: investo\u0159i cht\u011bj\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, zda m\u00e1 produkt re\u00e1ln\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Mnoh\u00e9 startupy proto dnes jdou na Ukrajinu a testuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 technologie p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edst\u011b v bojov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, aby vid\u011bli, zda je voj\u00e1ci skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ijmou a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Proto v\u00edt\u00e1m iniciativu Bundeswehru vytvo\u0159it v Erdingu inova\u010dn\u00ed centrum\u2013 pr\u00e1v\u011b tam vznik\u00e1 prostor pro takov\u00fd dialog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cesko m\u00e1 vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdry a startupy v oblasti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, robotiky a automatizace. Vid\u00edte zde potenci\u00e1l pro intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo alespo\u0148 trochu ch\u00e1pe na\u0161i geopolitickou situaci, nem\u016f\u017ee uva\u017eovat jinak ne\u017e evropsky. Mus\u00edme spojit s\u00edly. Pokud jde o spole\u010dnou obranyschopnost, jako jednotliv\u00e9 st\u00e1ty s 27 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, regulacemi, \u00fa\u0159ady a procesy jsme p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pomal\u00ed. Evropa mus\u00ed spolupracovat mnohem efektivn\u011bji. To se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b net\u00fdk\u00e1 jenom n\u00e1kupu, ale i kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdch trh\u016f, dostupnosti talent\u016f a pracovn\u00edho trhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201eNem\u00e1me ani jedou profesuru zam\u011b\u0159enou na vojenskou ekonomiku.<\/em>“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Talenty, pracovn\u00ed trh, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 to jsou dobr\u00e1 t\u00e9mata na z\u00e1v\u011br. Co se tady mus\u00ed zm\u011bnit?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud jde o vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u011bla bych n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. V N\u011bmecku m\u00e1me p\u0159es 80 studijn\u00edch program\u016f cestovn\u00edho ruchu, 120 program\u016f zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na management o\u0161et\u0159ovatelstv\u00ed \u2013 ale ani jeden obor, kde by civiln\u00ed studenti mohli studovat obrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. V cel\u00e9m N\u011bmecku nem\u00e1me jedin\u00fd studijn\u00ed program pro civilisty, kter\u00fd by u\u010dil, jak funguje obrann\u00fd byznys nebo ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zak\u00e1zky v obran\u011b. Nem\u00e1me ani jedou profesuru zam\u011b\u0159enou na vojenskou ekonomiku. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee to je velk\u00fd deficit.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Interview: Christian R\u00fchmkorf
Foto: Jarom\u00edr Zub\u00e1k<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rozhovor s Rafaelou Kraus, profesorkou na Univerzit\u011b Bundeswehru v Mnichov\u011b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10176,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,308],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interviewrozhovor","category-ausblick-2026"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["de","cz"],"languages":{"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true}}},"yoast_head":"\nObrann\u00fd pr\u016fmysl: Automotive m\u016f\u017ee pomoci k\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kapacit - 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